Course Descriptions

HUM 311 Design Theory

• Define the shared fundamentals of design between visual/graphic art, architecture, furniture, fashion, engineering, product, craft, cultural expression and landscape design
• Translate the elements and principles of design from initial definitions found in 2D visual design through the various design disciplines
• Demonstrate understanding of Gestalt, usability, and interaction design
• Compare and contrast the application of design through several global cultures and time periods, including Early 20th Century, Cold War Era and Contemporary Design
• Identify historical changes in temporal design through interactive media
• Explore diverse cultural contributions to design
• Evaluate methods of seeing/interacting and the quality of the viewer/participant experience
• Correlate contemporary design trends with cultural diversity

ITAD 105 Programming Concepts For Non-Programmers

• Explain binary and hexadecimal numeric systems and their relation to the decimal system
• Explain the concepts of client-server architecture
• Describe the history and evolution of Internet
• Justify the need for database systems in data processing
• Describe the concept of tables in a relational database
• Describe software development life cycle
• Define algorithm and use algorithmic thinking when solving a problem
• Demonstrate the use of iterations and branching in computer programming
• Use variables to manipulate data
• Use logical operators to write conditional statements
• Explain the need for functions in programming
• Use events and event handling in interactive applications
• Build interactive applications using visual programming tools

ITAD 111 Computer Programming Fundamentals

• Describe the phases of software development
• Recognize the proper format of assignment statements
• Explain conditional statements, relational operators, logical operators, and loops
• Identify the scope of variables within a given program and the various data types
• Declare and initialize arrays, manipulate array data
• Describe the concepts of modularization
• Explain the difference between syntax errors and logical errors
• Define Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) terms
• Demonstrate an understanding of the need for documentation
• Identify an information need and formulate a research plan to address it
• Research, organize, and evaluate information from a variety of sources

ITAD 112 HTML and CSS

• Write syntactically correct HTML code using the latest version of HTML language
• Create basic HTML web pages which are displayed correctly in modern web browsers
• Use links and images to design aesthetically pleasing and functional web pages
• Create forms to gather user input
• Incorporate tables into the web pages to display data
• Write style sheets using latest version of the CSS language
• Use correctly text, font, background, border, list, float, margin, padding, display and other CSS property groups
• Use CSS rules together with HTML layout elements to change the layout of a page
• Explain the key principles of responsive web design and techniques of their implementation
• Validate and debug HTML and CSS code
• Design and develop websites compliant with web standards
• Design and develop websites that reflect cultural awareness

ITAD 122 JavaScript and jQuery

5 credits

When enrolling into this class, students are expected to know HTML and CSS syntax, basic programming control structures (loops and if-else statements), and be familiar with array manipulation and function-writing techniques in programming language of their choice.

Prerequisites: ITAD 111  and ITAD 112  or instructor permission.

Quarters Offered: Fall, Winter

Student Outcomes/Competencies:
Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to:

• Use JavaScript data types and operators to write syntactically and functionally correct code
• Demonstrate knowledge of both JavaScript and jQuery syntax
• Write code that manipulates Browser Object Model and CSS properties of the objects
• Use JavaScript control structures for program flow control
• Read, analyze, design, and implement function definitions and function calls
• Demonstrate knowledge of the browser event model
• Handle events with jQuery and JavaScript
• Manipulate data in strings and arrays
• Validate form data
• Create animations and visual effects with jQuery
• Add expandable menus, slideshows, and modal dialogs to websites using jQuery
• Use jQuery UI widgets
• Use jQuery plug-ins
• Debug and handle errors in JavaScript code
• Use JavaScript and jQuery to implement dynamic, user-friendly web pages

ITAD 138 Structured Query Language (SQL)

• Demonstrate understanding of the purpose, design, and terminology of a relational database
• Explain and use relational schema
• Use a relational database management system to enter, edit, and run SQL statements
• Access multiple tables and work with unions, subqueries, self joins, inner joins, and outer joins
• Use aggregation functions
• Build SQL queries to retrieve, store, and modify data
• Create and edit tables and enforce data integrity on them
• Evaluate and synthesize information in a database
• Gather and organize information needed for database creation and maintenance

ITAD 221 Systems Analysis and Design

• State the characteristics and benefits of Object Oriented Design
• Describe the phases of the Software Development Life Cycle
• Describe different software development methodologies with a special emphasis on Agile Scrum
• Create a Project Vision & Scope document that defines business requirements and scope for the information system
• Create a system-level overview using Context and Feature Tree diagrams
• Formulate a research plan using techniques to elicit and gather user requirements
• Document requirements in a Software Requirements Specification
• Turn requirements into functional models using Use Case descriptions, Use Case diagrams, and activity diagrams
• Create structural models using CRC cards and Class diagrams that provide a static view of the software architecture
• Create behavioral models using Sequence and Communication diagrams and Behavioral State machines to describe the internal behavior of a system
• Demonstrate proficiency in class and method design
• Apply design criteria (e.g., coupling, cohesion, etc.) to assess a software design and suggests possible areas to improve the design

ITAD 228 Programming with C#

• Demonstrate proper use of C# syntax
• Read, understand, and write C# expressions
• Design, code, and debug classes
• Properly use C# types in software implementations
• Define encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism and use these concepts when designing and implementing classes
• Use streams and files for input and output
• Use exception handling to recover from errors
• Demonstrate solid understanding of OOP
• Write event-handling routines
• Use forms to gather user input
• Design and implement programming projects as a member of a team

ITAD 230 Programming For Mobile Devices

• Develop applications for deployment on mobile devices
• Describe the major differences in requirements for mobile applications vs. desktop applications
• Design user interfaces for touch oriented input model
• Identify and use appropriate development tools to implement and debug mobile applications
• Use Software Development Kits (SDK) for mobile applications
• Describe security and performance requirements for mobile applications
• Control hardware features of a device

ITAD 233 C++ Programming

• Use correct C++ syntax when writing programs
• Name and use C++ data types
• Explain the difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference function parameters in C++, and use pass-by-reference parameters to return values from functions
• Explain the concept of pointers and dynamic memory management in C++, and use pointers effectively in programs
• Explain and illustrate the advantages and challenges direct memory access presents for programmers in C++, and demonstrate the use of safe memory management techniques
• Use arrays and c-strings in programs
• Use class inheritance, polymorphism, and virtual functions in C++
• Justify the need for exceptions, write exception-throwing and exception - handling code, and create exception classes 
• Create template functions and classes in C++
• Use C++ STL library
• Implement data structures such as lists and trees using pointers
• Write medium-sized programs in C++

ITAD 235 Algorithms and Data Structures

• Explain the basic principles of software engineering
• Implement various data structures like linked lists, stacks, queues, and binary trees using Object Oriented Programing (OOP) techniques
• Implement searching and sorting routines on various data structures while paying close attention to the efficiency of the algorithms being used
• Use STL and its particular components to implement data structures
• Estimate efficiency of algorithms
• Demonstrate a thorough understanding of recursion and its role in implementation of linked lists and tree data structures
• Develop technical documentation, properly explain algorithms, organize and clarify ideas used in a solution
• Use industry standard conventions for describing algorithm complexity analysis

ITAD 268 Quality Assurance Methodologies

• Describe the objectives, limits, and cycles of testing
• Identify the differences between Black Box and White Box testing
• Demonstrate the process of reproducing bugs
• Define the role of automated software testing
• Create test cases and test scripts, and document the test cases according to the technology standards
• Demonstrate test management practices and techniques
• Identify strategies of “Risk Management”
• Create a project risk-management strategy
• Manage a tracking system for bugs
• Demonstrate performance testing and stress testing
• Describe the use of problem reports/bug reports
• Develop a test plan to effectively communicate testing requirements

ITAD 275 PHP Scripting

• Use PHP data types and operators to write syntactically and functionally correct code
• Use control structures for program flow control
• Read, analyze, design and implement function definitions and function calls
• Manipulate strings and arrays
• Work with files and directories to store and access data
• Access form data on the server
• Access data in SQL databases
• Debug and handle errors in PHP code

ITAD 280 Web Development with Python

• Create web applications using Django web framework in Python
• Consume modern web technologies, such as JSON and REST APIs
• Create applications that interact with a database using server-side technologies
• Create form-based web UIs with input validation using Django
• Create web APIs using Django
• Create client applications in Python
• Deploy, test, and debug Django web applications
• Create useful technical supporting documentation

ITAD 298 Technical Interview/Job Seach

• Demonstrate successful strategies for problem solving under the conditions of a job interview
• Solve a variety of technical interview problems and answer soft skills questions
• Research and identify resources for technical interview questions
• Identify job opportunities in the chosen software-related area
• Research a potential employer
• Present themselves to a potential employer in a confident, professional manner

ITAD 299 IT Project

• Describe software application development life cycle
• Manage development of an application from initial conception to final release
• Apply necessary skills to solve a real world IT problem
• Develop and deploy a complete software package
• Produce written documentation for an application
• Deliver effective presentation of a software solution

INTL 040 International Student Success

• Explain how to use the Canvas platform
• List campus resources and support services
• Explain college academic policies
• Communicate and collaborate with peers in an academic setting
• Explain cultural communication specific to the US
• Explain academic integrity and plagiarism
• Identify and use credible research databases
• Navigate health insurance website
• Locate local resources (hospitals, libraries, banks, police station, etc)
• Explain different employment options for international students
• Explain how to maintain student visa status

INTL 059 Beginning Grammar

• Write clear simple and complex sentences in English, showing some control of basic grammar with 75% accuracy
• Identify and use the simple present, simple past, and future tenses
• Identify and use subject-verb agreement with simple and compound subjects
• Identify and use articles, prepositions, adjectives, and personal pronouns
• Identify and use count nouns, non-count nouns, and quantifiers
• Identify and use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
• Form and respond to questions
• Utilize appropriate sentence punctuation 

INTL 061 Basic Academic Reading & Writing - A

• Analyze simple texts for main ideas and details
• Use context clues to infer meaning of vocabulary
• Express opinions and support them
• Interpret graphs, pictures and illustrations
• Infer information not explicit in texts
• Brainstorm ideas for writing
• Organize information in rudimentary outlines
• Write short, simple narrative paragraphs on familiar topics with main ideas and supporting details 

INTL 074 Beginning Academic Listening & Speaking

• Use context clues to infer the meanings of words in a simple context
• Identify and share opinions using learned expressions
• Relate listening excerpts on familiar topics to personal experiences
• Organize and synthesize information from beginner -level listening excerpts
• Negotiate with others to reach consensus on simple, familiar topics
• Discuss costs and benefits and make suggestions using simple language
• Prepare and give short and simple presentations

INTL 075 Beginning Academic Reading & Writing

• Predict content of simple texts through skimming
• Identify main ideas and details in beginning-level materials on familiar topics
• Read simple texts critically to evaluate advantages and disadvantages or pros and cons of information presented
• Express opinions and support them with specific information
• Relate previous knowledge to reading
• Write simple and compound sentences that show an understanding of basic grammar and punctuation
• Use brainstorming, graphic organizers, and simple outlines to generate and organize information for writing
• Write simple well-organized explanatory and descriptive paragraphs following the rules for academic writing
• Write a business letter following appropriate format

INTL 077 Beginning Academic Writing

• Compose a variety of complete, correct sentences
• Edit incorrect and/or incomplete sentences
• Develop proper topic sentences
• Brainstorm ideas and write outlines to serve as a basis for paragraph writing
• Write effective paragraphs with topic sentences, appropriate support, and concluding sentences
• Write the following types of paragraphs using a variety of simple, compound and compound-complex sentences: narrative, process, persuasive, compare/contrast and cause/effect 

INTL 078 Beginning Academic Listening and Speaking

• Hypothesize and support positions with reasons using simple words, phrases, and learned expressions
• Evaluate opinions
• Express concern, as well as give and receive advice about health problems using basic vocabulary and phrasing
• Discuss travel interests and preferences
• Discuss language learning opinions, experiences, and personal strategies at a basic level
• Infer speaker’s tone and attitude
• Prepare and make short, simple presentations

INTL 079 Beginning Academic Reading

• Differentiate between main ideas and supporting details in high-beginner level materials
• Evaluate simple written texts for advantages and disadvantages/pros and cons
• Express opinions and support them with specific information
• Give advice and offer suggestions in an advice column format
• Effectively use brainstorming, graphic organizers, and outlines to generate and organize information for writing
• Write clear simple and complex sentences, showing some control of basic grammar (e.g. present and past tense) and punctuation
• Write clear simple academic paragraphs with topic sentences, support and conclusions

INTL 081 Low-Intermediate Grammar

• Write clear simple and complex sentences in English, showing some control of intermediate grammar with 75% accuracy
• Identify and use the simple present, present progressive, simple past, past progressive, and future tenses
• Identify and use the present perfect and past perfect tenses
• Form and respond to information questions
• Generate and respond to tag questions
• Identify and generate comparative, equative, and superlative statements
• Identify and use appropriate punctuation for simple and complex sentences

INTL 084 Low-Intermediate Listening and Speaking

• Interpret tone, infer meaning, and hypothesize another’s point of view
• Relate listening to personal experience, prior knowledge, and opinions
• Predict content of low-intermediate texts, listen for main ideas, and draw conclusions
• Express and defend opinions using a varied vocabulary and a variety of grammatical structures
• Discuss pros and cons of a situation
• Lead group discussions and manage group interactions
• Prepare and perform simple and brief presentations
• Utilize appropriate language to agree and disagree in a low-level discussion format
• Use culturally appropriate language to offer advice and make suggestions 

INTL 085 Low-Intermediate Academic Reading

• Predict content, read low-intermediate level texts for main ideas and identify details
• Relate readings to other readings and prior knowledge
• Infer and draw conclusions
• Support personal opinions through examples
• Practice brainstorming techniques and organizing ideas through the use of graphic organizers and basic outlines
• Develop proper topic sentences with appropriate support
• Write a variety of sentences, including compound and compound-complex, although with grammatical errors
• Write extended paragraphs with relevant topic sentences, appropriate support and conclusions
• Edit and evaluate others’ writing in a peer-editing context
• Write effective opinion, descriptive, and contrast paragraphs
• Write a basic 5-paragraph essay following appropriate format

INTL 086A Low-Intermediate Academic Writing

INTL 086B High-Intermediate Academic Writing

INTL 087 High-Intermediate Grammar

• Write clear simple, complex, and compound-complex sentences in English, showing good control of intermediate grammar with 75% accuracy
• Identify and use passive tenses
• Identify and use participial adjectives
• Identify and use modals
• Identify and use adjective and noun clauses
• Identify and use gerund and infinitive constructions
• Identify and use noun and adjective preposition combinations
• Identify and appropriately punctuate complex sentence constructions

INTL 088 High-Intermediate Academic Listening & Speaking

• Interpret speaker’s tone and infer meaning and point of view
• Relate listening to personal experience, prior knowledge, and opinions
• Infer, synthesize, predict, and draw conclusions
• Compare and contrast information from intermediate-level listening excerpts
• Express and defend opinions using learned phrases as well as appropriate vocabulary from knowledge bank
• Formulate and ask appropriate questions
• Participate in group discussions using a variety of sentence structures and generally correct grammar
• Effectively lead and manage group discussions
• Utilize preparation strategies and speech-making techniques to make effective presentations 

INTL 089 High-Intermediate Reading

• Read intermediate level texts and identify main ideas and details
• Apply appropriate reading strategies to determine meanings of unfamiliar words
• Relate readings to other readings and prior knowledge
• Infer, synthesize, predict and draw conclusions
• Interpret routine charts and tables
• Write a variety of sentences using appropriate conjunctions, transitions, and punctuation most of the time
• Utilize brainstorming techniques and organize ideas through the use of graphic organizers and detailed outlines
• Write effective paragraphs and basic essays using the western academic English paragraph format
• Develop proper thesis statements and topic sentences
• Write essays with thesis statements, relevant topic sentences, appropriate support and concluding paragraphs
• Write the following essays at an introductory level of competence:  narrative, persuasive, cause/effect, and compare/contrast 

INTL 092 International Faculty Institute

MACH 105 Introduction to Manual Machining

• Grind and sharpen lathe tools
• Apply general shop safety procedures 
• Use basic milling machine operations
• Ream, tap, countersink, and counter bore
• Use dial and test indicators
• Demonstrate how to tram-in a mill head
• Demonstrate how to dial in a lathe 4-jaw chuck
• Use an engine lathe for basic turning and facing operations.
• Demonstrate proper technique in measuring and precision layout

MACH 106 Material Removal - Manual and Conversational Control

• Select appropriate cutting tools for various processes
• Demonstrate use of material removal techniques
• Produce finished parts that meet industry and shop standards
• Prepare rough material (stock) for machining
• Operate machines effectively and safely

MACH 108 Fundamentals of Machining for Engineering

• Use dial indicators
• Read shop drawings and sketches
• Grind and sharpen lathe tools
• Perform precision measuring and layout
• Use an engine lathe for basic turning and facing operations.
• Apply general shop safety procedures
• Use power and hand cutting tools
• Select and sharpen drill bits
• Accurately locate hole centers
• Perform basic milling machine operations             
• Ream, tap, countersink, and counter bore
• Perform basic surface grinding 

MACH 111 Introduction to Measuring Applications

• Demonstrate ability to read and interpret measurements within the degree of accuracy for those measuring tools or setup tools
• Select appropriate formulas for speed and feed calculations
• Demonstrate ability to setup machine tools to the shop standard
• Apply correct parameters for speed and feed calculations
• Differentiate between measuring tools
• Select proper measuring tools for different situations

MACH 113 Inspection GD&T

• Review and discuss engineering drawings
• Interpret feature control frames
• Develop an inspection plan
• Setup and inspect part features
• Apply inspection measurements to geometric tolerances
• Interpret inspection results

MACH 115 Introduction to CNC Machining

• Identify the different types of machine tools
• Identify the different axis of motion in a cnc machine
• Demonstrate proper setup and operation of machine tools
• Modify G and M code at the machine control
• Analyze and correct any error messages
• Create G and M code that will safely and efficiently create parts
• Predict the next movement of the machine by reading the code
• Memorize G and M codes

MACH 116 Material Removal - CNC Lathe and Mill

• Select appropriate cutting tools for various processes
• Demonstrate use of material removal techniques
• Produce finished parts that meet industry and shop standards
• Prepare rough material (stock) for machining
• Operate machines effectively and safely
• Demonstrate safe setup and operation of CNC machines

MACH 125 CNC Projects and Practice

• Produce the same part multiple times, improving the time to complete the part each time
• Associate training given on can cycles in the past with use of new can cycles
• Machine parts from a variety of materials
• Complete parts using past skills combined with new skills (e.g., thread milling)
• Apply trigonometry to solve problems to complete setups and make parts

MACH 126 Advanced Material Removal

• Select appropriate cutting tools for various processes
• Demonstrate use of material removal techniques
• Produce finished parts that meet industry and shop standards
• Prepare rough material (stock) for machining
• Operate machines effectively and safely
• Demonstrate safe setup and operation of CNC machines

MACH 127 Machining Processes

• Compare efficiency of different processes for the same part
• Distinguish the steps that make up a machining process
• Illustrate a repeatable plan to machine a part
• Predict what may cause problems in a plan for machining a part
• Propose problems that an operator could have in running production
• Recommend remedies to a machine process

MACH 131 Introduction to CNC Programming

• Describe axis coordinates XYZ ABC
• Apply proper calculations of speeds and feeds
• Match G, M, CNC programming code to the machine operation
• Give examples of canned cycles and modal/non-modal commands
• Illustrate programming format and programming syntax
• Explain cutter compensation
• Find errors to help crash avoidance
• Compile lathe code versus mill code

MACH 133 Introduction to CNC Operations

• Demonstrate understanding of CNC axes destination movement
• Identify position of program reference zero
• Demonstrate ability to safely initialize and shut down a CNC machine
• Respond correctly to a CNC malfunction
• Load programs onto the CNC machine
• Navigate controller modes and functions
• Demonstrate ability to safely start a CNC program to the shop standard
• Perform a safe setup and first run of a part, a teardown, and a clean up to shop standard
• Utilize CNC work-holding devices
• Demonstrate proper use and selection of tools and tool holders
• Discuss components and mechanics of a CNC machine
• Manipulate and edit programs on a CNC machine
• Demonstrate proper preventative maintenance on a CNC machine
• Maintain proper coolant levels and proper coolant mix
• Develop job planning skills
• Demonstrate ability to set machine offsets and adjust cutter compensation

MACH 135 Production Environments

• Demonstrate proper use of job planning sheets through a CNC setup and run
• Maintain part feature dimensions during production
• Demonstrate understanding of statistical process control
• Complete operator tie-in sheets
• Properly inspect a first article and complete proper documentation
• Demonstrate ability to plan for production

MACH 136 1-2-3 Blocks

8 credits

MACH 113 , MACH 143 , MACH 145 , MACH 162 , and MACH 175  

Corequisites: ENGT 123  and ENGT 225  

MACH 141 Tool Geometry and Grinding

• Identify the meaning of each category in the grinding wheel numbering system
• Choose different abrasives for a variety of grinding processes
• Select proper abrasives for different materials
• Distinguish between face mill geometry, drill geometry, endmill geometry, and single point geometry
• Demonstrate the ability to sharpen a variety of cutting tool geometries
• Use various cutting tool geometries for lathe and mill
• Experience different combinations of grinding wheels with a variety of applications

MACH 143 Practical Shop Trigonometry

• Solve trigonometric equations
• Apply trigonometry to machining solutions
• Select the triangle that needs to be solved in machining problems
• Relate mathematical rules to solving complex machining problems 

MACH 145 Materials for Machining

• Identify metals and other machinable materials
• Demonstrate the harding of high carbon steels
• Paraphrase some of the theoretical processes of heat treatment
• Name some of the SAE identify number for steel and aluminum

MACH 161 Introduction to Drawing and Documentation

• Describe basic components of a print
• Identify various print lines and symbols
• Identify various drawing views and projections
• Interpret dimensions related to print tolerances
• Interpret information in the title block and notes of a print
• Infer information from print related to threads
• Demonstrate proper use of inspection documents
• Demonstrate proper use of production documents

MACH 162 Introduction to GD&T

• Discuss geometric symbols and terminology
• Locate and use feature control frames
• Explain rules 1, 2, and 3
• Describe virtual condition
• Manipulate information concerning bonus tolerance
• Calculate coordinate and geometric tolerances
• Use Datums, tolerances of form, orientation, profile, location, and runout

MACH 175 CNC Processes

MACH 195 Capstone Project Part I

7 credits

MACH 125 , MACH 126 , MACH 127 , and MACH 135  

MACH 113 , MACH 143 , MACH 145 , MACH 162 , and MACH 175  

Corequisites: MACH 196

Student Outcomes/Competencies:
Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to:

• Heat treat steel
• Complete turn table operations
• Setup broaching
• Accomplish precision assembly processes
• Design and build fixtures
• Choose fasteners
• Turn parts to close tolerances
• Identify and solve new problems
• Interface with CNC machine controls
• Successfully transfer files from computer to CNC control

MACH 196 Capstone Project Part II

7 credits

MACH 125 , MACH 126 , MACH 127 , and MACH 135  

MACH 113 , MACH 143 , MACH 145 , MACH 162 , and MACH 175  

Corequisites: MACH 195  

Student Outcomes/Competencies:
Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to:

• Produce a part per advanced blueprint specifications
• Solve problems using online resources
• Calculate required information from drawing
• Setup required inspection procedures
• Research technical specifications using online technical manuals
• Plan a process which uses time efficiently to create a part
• Index parts
• Mill parts to close tolerances
• Slot parts
• Key cut ways

MACH 241 CNC Machining I: CAD/CAM Geometry and Toolpaths

• Utilize the CAD/CAM’s built in Help/Contents capability
• Create, modify, and manage basic 2D wireframe and 3D solid model geometry
• Create, modify, and manage Work Coordinates (WCS)
• Utilize different Construction Planes and Graphics Views
• Select the machine type and define the material type, material size, and various tool settings
• Organize multiple machining operations and their various toolpaths
• Create basic 2.5D toolpath while selecting the correct cutting tool and holder
• Determine tool cutter compensation and calculate the cutter speeds and feeds
• Verify 2.5D toolpath while checking for errors and crashes
• Generate the CNC code and Setup Information for manufacturing
• Create a program that includes the operations of: Slotting, Pocketing, Facing, Spotting, Chamfering, Drilling, Reaming, and Tapping
• Pass the CNC Machining test

MACH 242 CNC Machining II: CNC Machine Processes and Work Holding

• Create, modify and manage work holding models
• Identify various types of work holding and work holding materials
• Select the correct cutting tool and holder for 3D toolpaths and roughing cycles
• Determine depths of cut and radial engagement for various toolpaths
• Determine speeds and feeds for 3D toolpaths and advanced roughing cycles
• Verify advanced 3D toolpaths and roughing cycles while checking for errors and crashes
• Setup and run programs that the student has created
• Troubleshoot toolpath or process errors during machining
• Create a program that includes 3D surfacing and roughing toolpaths
• Produce a product that encompasses MACH 241 and MACH 242 skills and knowledge

MACH 243 CNC Machining III: Programming and Process Improvement

• Create a production program and its associated documentation
• Troubleshoot CNC programs
• Improve CNC machining processes
• Produce a product utilizing MACH 241 and MACH 242 knowledge and skills
• Select and utilize basic work holding designs for various machining scenarios
• Demonstrate skills and knowledge through mentoring students of earlier courses

MAST 105 Fundamentals of Massage Therapy

• Perform a professional and ethical Swedish massage
• Practice safe body mechanics
• Demonstrate an understanding of the theory behind massage
• Outline the history of massage
• Perform correct draping and positioning of client
• Identify client’s needs through the use of professional communication

MAST 115 Fundamentals of Massage Therapy II

• Identify the muscles including their origins, insertions, actions, and innervations
• Identify mechanical effects of muscles on the bones and joints during movement
• Describe the action of a muscle through its full range of motion

MAST 125 Fundamentals of Massage Therapy III

• Develop a working terminology in relation to the anatomy and physiology of the body
• Identify the systems of the body, including the musculoskeletal, endocrine, respiratory, circulatory, immune, lymphatic, cardiovascular, excretory, and digestive
• Describe the correlation between the structures and the functions that they perform
• Explain the inter-relationship of the body systems and how homeostasis is supported through massage

MAST 135 Hydrotherapy and Injury Management

• Apply appropriate hydrotherapy techniques to sprains, strains, and repetitive stress injuries
• Explain the stages of healing and inflammation
• Collaborate with other health care professionals to create an effective treatment plan  
• Assess the severity of sprains, strains, and repetitive stress injuries
• Utilize correct body mechanics to avoid potential injury from administering massage

MAST 145 Pathologies For Massage Therapy

• Recognize multiple pathologies commonly encountered in massage therapy
• Describe massage benefits and contraindications for individuals with various disease states
• Explain the systems of the body as they relate to a particular pathology
• Converse with the health care community using appropriate medical terminology
• Research and analyze pathology articles as they apply to indications and contraindications of massage

MAST 155 Treatment Massage I

• Assess a client’s needs relative to massage and select the most effective treatment modality
• Palpate and safely assess deeper body structures
• Perform treatment massage techniques and special tests
• Document the performed massage and results in a standardized charting manner

MAST 165 Massage Clinic I

• Perform a health history intake and a thorough postural assessment
• Perform an appropriate massage based on the health history intake and postural assessment
• Document the performed massage and results in a standardized charting manner
• Interact professionally and ethically with clients and the public

MAST 175 Complementary Massage Modalities I

• Demonstrate an increased massage skill set
• Explain and compare Eastern and Western bodywork philosophies
• Demonstrate an increased awareness of the potential applications of massage
• Perform pregnancy massage, chair massage, and sports massage safely and effectively
• Apply appropriate massage in relation to clients’ cultural values

MAST 185 Massage Curriculum Review & Exam Prep

• Sit for the Washington State Licensing Exam
• Identify the anatomy of the body including the muscle origins, insertions, and actions
• Explain the body systems and how massage affects them
• Choose appropriate massage techniques for a desired outcome

MAST 205 Spa Massage Techniques

• Identify the differences between various spa techniques
• Apply appropriate massage in relation to clients’ cultural values
• Assess a client’s needs and apply the correct spa techniques
• Identify contraindications of spa treatment 

MAST 215 Business Development and Professional Relations

• Describe various Licensed Massage Practitioner (LMP) employment options
• Practice appropriate record keeping methods
• Operate a professional, legal LMP practice
• Communicate effectively with other healthcare professionals
• Research licensing and insurance requirements to remain current in both

MAST 255 Treatment Massage II

• Select the correct techniques to treat specific muscle dysfunctions
• Create a change in the tissues by applying refined palpation skills
• Assess a client’s needs and select an appropriate massage technique to obtain the most favorable outcome
• Communicate effectively with other healthcare professionals to holistically align massage, chiropractic, physical therapy, and other treatment disciplines

MAST 265 Massage Clinic II

• Perform an accurate health history intake and a thorough postural assessment
• Perform an effective massage based on the health history intake and postural assessment
• Document the performed massage and results in a standardized charting manner

MAST 275 Complementary Massage Modalities II

• Demonstrate an increased massage skill set (such as shiatsu, pregnancy massage, and sports massage)
• Demonstrate an increased awareness of the potential applications of massage
• Gain awareness of the psychology of the body
• Define and implement the key components of hands-healing
• Practice intra and inter-personal skills essential to energy healing
• Integrate the chakra system and the physical body
• Identify the chakra system and its dynamic effects of healing and its role in illness

MATH 070 Elements of Arithmetic

• Write names for numbers
• Identify the place value of digits within a numeral
• Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions
• Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals
• Add three or more numbers
• Multiply and divide by tens
• Express division remainders in fractional and rounded decimal form
• Solve word problems requiring addition
• Solve word problems requiring subtraction
• Solve word problems requiring multiplication
• Solve word problems requiring division
• Measure using fractions of units
• Convert common measurements in the US measurement system
• Read and interpret simple graphs
• Solve word problems requiring ratios and proportions
• Solve word problems requiring percentages
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems in basic arithmetic

MATH 081 Technical Mathematics I

• Apply basic algebraic operations to applied topics
• Apply and calculate percentages as applied to discounts and mechanical systems
• Utilize a standard approach and mathematical logic to solve problems
• Utilize geometry to solve application problems
• Use functions and graphs to interpret and solve basic equations
• Check, utilize, and apply conversions to applications
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems using basic algebraic operations

MATH 087 Quantitative Literacy

• Demonstrate quantitative reasoning to analyze problems, critique arguments, and draw and justify conclusions
• Accurately perform arithmetic operations involving fractions, decimals, percents, and signed numbers
• Recall and apply the standard order of operations
• Use proportional reasoning in solving applied problems
• Use statistical and probabilistic reasoning in solving applied problems
• Explain how quantities change, including multiplicative vs. additive and relative vs. absolute
• Use estimation skills to solve problems, detect errors, and check accuracy
• Interpret and use scientific notation
• Make comparisons of relative magnitudes and work with various representations of quantitative information: ratios, rates, percentages, conversions, indices, scales, etc.
• Organize and summarize data using a variety of representations, such as tables, graphs, and formulas
• Use variables to represent quantities
• Solve simple algebraic equations
• Read and interpret quantitative information from a variety of real-world sources
• Analyze and use quantitative information to support an argument
• Recognize, make, and evaluate quantitative assumptions
• Communicate quantitative results both in writing and orally using appropriate language, symbolism, data, and graphs
• Use technology appropriately as a tool for calculations and to gather, research, and analyze quantitative information
• Apply logical and time-effective study skills to mathematics

MATH 090 Introduction to Algebra for STEM

• Apply properties of the real number system to both numeric and algebraic problems
• Apply the rules of exponents
• Add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomials
• Solve first degree equations algebraically
• Identify key characteristics of linear functions
• Create linear equation models and apply those equations to making predictions
• Compare and contrast methods to solve and graph equations with methods needed to solve and graph inequalities
• Solve formulas for a specified variable
• Describe linear functions in multiple forms including: tables, graphs, and equations
• Solve systems of equations with two variables
• Use factoring to solve second degree equations
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving basic algebra

MATH 090A Introduction to Algebra, Part 1

• Identify the basic properties of real numbers
• Apply properties of the real number system to both numeric and algebraic problems
• Solve first and second degree equations in symbolic and in word problems
• Solve and graph inequalities
• Solve formulas for a specified variable
• Graph linear equations
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving basic algebra

MATH 090B Introduction to Algebra, Part 2

• Solve systems of equations in two variables
• Apply the rules of exponents
• Add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials
• Use factoring to solve equations
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving basic algebra

MATH 091 Technical Mathematics II

• Utilize volume and conversion formulas for measurements
• Demonstrate an understanding and knowledge of applying physics formulas for applications
• Read and calculate data for electrical and mechanical systems
• Compute data and program set calculators (computer program simulations)
• Calculate and apply sine wave applications
• Analyze and work with displacement
• Utilize compression ratios for understanding mechanical designs
• Represent and utilize a graphical design for mechanical systems
• Demonstrate how to calculate physics concepts in terms of physical systems of horse power and torque
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems

MATH 093 Applied Math and Computing Fundamentals

• Compute with fractions, decimals, ratios, proportions, and percents
• Read and interpret graphs of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions
• Use scientific notation during computation
• Distinguish between exact and approximate solutions
• Solve both symbolic and word problems involving linear and quadratic equations
• Add and multiply polynomial expressions
• Solve and graph problems involving inequalities
• Simplify and solve equations involving radicals and complex numbers
• Describe the algorithmic steps in solving simple algebraic problems
• Use a symbolic computing program to solve algebraic problems
• Apply the mathematical skills of computational problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, discrete modeling, and formal logic to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation 

MATH 098 Essentials of Intermediate Algebra

• Use dimensional analysis to make calculations
• Interpret and move flexibly between multiple formats, including graphs, tables, equations, and words
• Solve applied problems involving linear, quadratic, exponential, rational, and radical equations
• Calculate the slope of linear data and interpret slope within the context of the problem
• Distinguish between linear and exponential growth models
• Apply exponent rules to simplify expressions with exponents
• Solve formulas for a specified variable
• Use geometric concepts of area and volume in solving applied problems
• Create and use models (tables, words, graphs, equations) of real-world situations
• Analyze and use quantitative information to support an argument
• Communicate quantitative results both in writing and orally using appropriate language, symbolism, data, and graphs
• Demonstrate quantitative reasoning to analyze problems, critique arguments, and draw and justify conclusions
• Use technology appropriately as a tool for calculations and to gather, research, and analyze quantitative information

MATH 099 Intermediate Algebra for STEM

• Identify and apply the rules of algebra to solve algebraic problems
• Demonstrate the use of rational, irrational, and complex numbers in problem solving
• Solve problems involving linear, quadratic, logarithmic,  and exponential equations and functions
• Differentiate among linear, quadratic, and exponential functions by emphasizing key characteristics and graphs
• Simplify rational expressions and solve rational equations, using factoring when necessary
• Identify functions and use functional notation and terminology
• Solve problems involving inequalities
• Simplify radical expressions and solve radical equations
• Apply technology appropriately as a tool for calculations
• Research and analyze quantitative information using technology
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving intermediate algebra

MATH 099A Intermediate Algebra Part I

• Identify and apply the rules of algebra to solve algebraic problems
• Understand the use of rational and irrational numbers in problem solving
• Solve both symbolic and word problems involving linear and quadratic equations
• Graph linear and quadratic equations
• Use factoring to simplify rational expressions and to solve rational equations
• Identify functions and use functional notation and terminology
• Use problem solving skills, pattern recognition, substitution, structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving intermediate algebra

MATH 099B Intermediate Algebra, Part II

• Solve problems involving inequalities
• Simplify radical expressions and solve radical equations
• Solve problems involving complex numbers
• Use the quadratic formula to solve and to graph quadratic equations
• Use a scientific calculator for multi-step operations
• Use problem solving skills, pattern recognition, substitution, structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving intermediate algebra

MATH 099X Accelerated Intermediate Algebra for STEM

• Demonstrate the use of integers, rational, irrational, and complex numbers in problem solving
• Solve problems involving linear, quadratic, logarithmic, and exponential equations and functions
• Differentiate between linear, quadratic, and exponential functions by emphasizing key characteristics and graphs
• Apply the rules of exponents
• Add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomials
• Use factoring to solve second degree equations
• Simplify rational expressions and solve rational equations, using factoring when necessary
• Identify functions and use functional notation and terminology
• Simplify radical expressions and solve radical equations
• Compare and contrast methods to solve and graph equations with methods needed to solve and graph inequalities
• Solve formulas for a specified variable
• Solve systems of equations with two variables
• Create linear and quadratic equation models and apply those equations to making predictions
• Apply technology appropriately as a tool for calculations
• Research and analyze quantitative information using technology
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving basic and intermediate algebra

MATH 102 Quantitative Reasoning

• Use trigonometric functions to solve right triangle problems and applications
• Use inverse trigonometric functions to solve right triangle problems and applications
• Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangle problems
• Use the techniques of sets and Venn diagrams to solve applied problems
• Understand the meaning of connectives in logic
• Represent data in graphic, verbal, symbolic, and tabular forms
• Distinguish between exponential and linear growth
• Solve application problems using exponential and logarithmic techniques
• Demonstrate how mathematical concepts relate to their field of study
• Work within a small group to complete a mathematical project and/or presentation
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving trigonometry, logic, and exponential functions

MATH 103 Technical Mathematics III

• Utilize mechanical physics for fluid and Pascal’s principle
• Calculate and distinguish volume, pressure, force, and the use of hydraulics
• Utilize computer algebra for computer conversions and mechanical design
• Apply advanced algebra in electronics applications (circuits and complex fractions)
• Apply trigonometric functions in electronics
• Develop and evaluate logic gates for electronics applications
• Represent, create, and apply 3-D calculus graphics
• Apply basic concepts in statistics, exponential functions, and vectors
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving advanced algebra, trigonometry, and computer logic

MATH 111 College Algebra with Applications

• Solve, graph, and interpret linear and quadratic equations, functions, and inequalities
• Graph, transform, and compose functions
• Solve systems of equations in two and three variables
• Use trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions to solve problems
• Use vector analysis to solve problems in physics
• Use quantitative modeling to solve problems involving functions, linear algebra, geometry, and  trigonometry

MATH 145 Finite Mathematics for Business

• Compute simple and compound interest
• Determine the present and future values of annuities
• Solve small systems of equalities using matrix methods
• Solve small systems of inequalities using geometric and simplex methods
• Explain set and logical notation
• Determine if conclusions logically follow from premises
• Determine conditional and independent probabilities of joint events
• Apply counting techniques to solve problems in combinatorics and probability
• Apply the mathematical skills of computational problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution following structural rules, discrete modeling, and formal logic to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation

MATH 147 Digital Mathematics

• Apply counting techniques to solve simple problems in probability
• Explain the integer system expressed in various bases
• Identify logical elements in artificial languages
• Determine tautological, contradictory, and contingent logical forms
• Differentiate between functions and relations
• Appreciate the inductive structure of mathematics
• Solve simple problems using recursion
• Explain the fundamental rules of graph and tree data structures
• Construct simple algorithms for computation
• Express problems using a variety of different data structures
• Write simple computer programs in very high-level software languages
• Describe the use of logic and recursion in semiconductor circuitry
• Apply the mathematical skills of computational problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, discrete modeling, and formal logic to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation

MATH 220 Linear Algebra

• Perform matrix operations, calculate determinants, find inverses for matrices (where possible), and find the transpose of a matrix
• Use elementary row operations to solve systems of linear equations using Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan reduction methods
• Identify a system of linear equations as independent, inconsistent, or dependent
• Perform vector operations, use properties of vector operations, and determine vector subspaces, spanning sets, and bases of vector spaces
• Show that a set of vectors forms the basis for a set, and find the dimension of a subspace
• Find inner products and find a basis for a given inner product space
• Use matrices to perform transformations between vector spaces and to identify isomorphisms
• Find the kernel, range, rank, and nullity of a linear transformation
• Find the standard matrix for a given linear transformation and use this matrix to find the image of a given vector
• Find real eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix
• Diagonalize symmetric matrices
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation

MATH 230 Matrix Algebra with Applications

• Perform matrix operations, calculate determinants, find inverses for matrices (where possible), and find the transpose of a matrix
• Use elementary row operations to solve systems of linear equations using Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan reduction methods
• Apply LU decomposition methods to factorize a matrix
• Identify a system of linear equations as independent, inconsistent, or dependent
• Identify properties of Euclidean vector spaces and the effects of linear transformations
• Perform vector operations; use properties of vector operations; and determine vector subspaces, spanning sets, and bases of vector spaces
• Show that a set of vectors forms the basis for a set, and find the dimension of a subspace
• Find inner products and find a basis for a given inner product space
• Use matrices to perform transformations between vector spaces and to identify isomorphisms
• Find the kernel, range, rank, and nullity of a linear transformation
• Find the standard matrix for a given linear transformation and use this matrix to find the image of a given vector
• Use Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to find orthonormal vectors
• Apply QR decomposition methods to factorize a matrix
• Find real eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix
• Diagonalize symmetric matrices
• Apply matrix algebra to data fitting and least squares analysis
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation

MATH 238 Differential Equations

• Describe differential equations using appropriate mathematical notation, symbols, and graphs
• Classify differential equations by order, linearity, and homogeneity
• Solve first and second order linear differential equations
• Solve linear equations with constant coefficients
• Use separation of variables, method of undermined coefficients, and variation of parameters to solve differential equations
• Use power series methods to solve differential equations
• Determine whether a system of functions is linearly independent using the Wronksian
• Use Laplace transforms and their inverses to solve differential equations
• Solve systems of linear differential equations using matrix techniques and eigenvalues
• Use numerical methods to solve differential equations
• Model real-life applications using differential equations
• Use technology for finding solutions and data visualization
• Use the mathematical critical thinking skills of problem solving, pattern recognition, substitution, following structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems requiring reasoning, critical thinking, and computation

MATH 246 Business Statistics

• Identify and implement statistically valid business data collection methods, and perform detailed statistical analysis using Excel and/or PASW
• Present analytics for business applications using descriptive statistics and visualization
• Apply linear regression to business data using Excel and/or PASW, and express how multiple regression can be utilized to improve upon linear regression
• Apply probability distributions and statistical tools used for analysis and decision making in a business management context
• Calculate and interpret measures of statistical inference, and apply these measures to  decision-making in a business management context
• Interpret the results of hypothesis tests and Chi-square analyses using business related examples
• Define the Central Limit Theorem, and apply its principles to Control Charts

MATH 341 Mathematics of Design

• Visualize mathematical structures and apply these structures to design problems
• Discuss the role of mathematics in art and the role of art in mathematics
• Identify the type of algorithms used by a digital design tool
• Apply vectors and matrices to achieve computer graphics transformations
• Describe how shape and movement are implemented in software
• Apply structured modeling principles to dialog and interaction
• Apply mathematical models of space to information
• Explain the use of statistical concepts in design
• Formulate simple structured languages to communicate design intentions
• Incorporate modern iconic mathematical forms and processes in applied designs

MATH 351 Biostatistics

MATH& 107 Math in Society

• Use proportions and ratios to interpret quantities and estimate the relative size of quantities
• Apply proportionality to solve and analyze a variety of multi-step contextual problems
• Use formulas and perform relevant calculations pertaining to personal finance to solve context-based scenarios
• Analyze and critique claims related to personal finance (i.e. loans, mortgages, annuities, etc.) to make informed decisions
• Calculate and interpret probabilities, including conditional probabilities, and use those calculations to make informed decisions
• Analyze and critique statements about probability and risk that appear in the media (i.e. advertisements, odds, medical test results, etc.)
• Recognize and categorize methods for obtaining data, discuss possible sources of bias, and use this information to make an informed decision given a scenario
• Use appropriate tools and strategies to describe and display authentic data (including boxplots, histograms, pie charts, and other graph types)
• Calculate, interpret, analyze, and critique numerical summaries of data (including measures of center and spread), and use these values to compare and contrast two or more samples or populations
• Analyze data and/or scenarios to determine if they describe linear or exponential growth
• Create linear and exponential models for an authentic situation
• Use, interpret, and analyze linear and exponential models to make predictions, discussing appropriateness and limitations of the model
• Read a complex problem requiring quantitative and/or symbolic analysis, use flexibility in selecting a solution strategy, and impose an appropriate mathematical structure or mathematical procedure in solving the problem
• Determine the reasonableness and implications of mathematical solutions, recognize the limitations of the methods used in context, and then apply those methods to making personal and societal choices

MATH& 141 Pre-Calculus I

• Apply the principles of basic algebra and coordinate geometry to solve math problems
• Analyze and solve equations verbally, algebraically, graphically, and numerically
• Use mathematical modeling to solve application problems and interpret the solution in the context of the problem
• Simplify and evaluate combined functions and composite functions
• Describe how transformations of functions affect their graphs
• Determine key features of functions, such as domain, range, asymptotes, and intercepts
• Graph linear, absolute value, piecewise, radical, polynomial, rational, exponential and logarithmic functions
• Find an equation of a function from its graph
• Find the inverse of a one-to-one function
• Apply the properties and laws of logarithms
• Interpret and analyze linear and non-linear data to develop appropriate models

MATH& 142 Pre-Calculus II

• Measure angles in degrees and radians and relate them to arc length 
• Identify reference angles and coterminal angles
• Solve applied problems involving arc length, linear/angular speed, and the area of a circular sector
• Link the graphical, numeric, and symbolic definitions of the trigonometric functions in terms of the unit circle
• Solve problems involving right triangles and unit circles using the definitions of the trigonometric functions
• Apply the law of sines and law of cosines to solve for unknown sides and angles of triangles, and solve applied problems associated with these laws
• Graph the trigonometric functions and their transformations
• Identify key features including amplitude, period, and horizontal shifts from a graph, formula, table, or verbal description
• Use trigonometric functions to model periodic behavior described numerically or verbally
• Use the inverse trigonometric functions to solve equations
• Prove trigonometric identities and use identities to algebraically solve trigonometric equations
• Perform operations with vectors and use them to solve problems both graphically and component-wise
• Relate coordinates in polar form to coordinates in rectangular form
• Write clear, correct, and complete solutions to mathematical problems utilizing proper mathematical notation and appropriate language 
• Use exact and approximate solutions when appropriate
• Use problem solving skills, pattern recognition, substitution, structural rules, and quantitative modeling to solve problems involving trigonometric functions, vectors, and alternative coordinate systems

MATH& 146 Introduction to Statistics

• Organize and graph data using scatterplots, histograms, and boxplots
• Calculate mean, standard deviation, z-scores, and percentile values
• Solve problems using the basic elements of probability theory, such as sample spaces, the addition rule, and the multiplication rule
• Calculate the mean and standard deviation of a probability distribution
• Calculate expected value
• Calculate probabilities using the binomial probability formula
• Calculate probabilities and find percentile values using the normal distribution and the central limit theorem
• Construct and interpret confidence intervals
• Perform hypothesis tests
• Measure and test for correlation
• Use regression equations to make predictions